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كاميرا قاع العينFundus camera

Fluorescein angiography

Inject the dye and watch the fundus light up in the order every exam asks about: the choroid, the arteries, the laminar veins, then the slow fade. Scrub through the run second by second, label every vessel, and compare the angiogram with the colour photograph of the same eye.

Simulation: a procedurally generated normal fundus (50° field, disc–fovea 4.4 mm, foveal avascular zone 0.5 mm, artery-to-vein calibre 2:3) with textbook circulation times. It is not a patient image.

  • Heart
  • Brain
  • Lungs
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Intestine
  • Kidneys
  • Eye

Fluorescein angiogram

00:16.3R

Oriented as photographed: superior at the top and the image not mirrored, so you face the patient. The disc is nasal — in a right eye it lies to the right of the macula, in a left eye to the left.

The run

16.3 sLaminar venous
0 s10 s20 s30 s1 min10 min

Phase

Arteriovenous phase — laminar venous flow

15–18 s

The capillaries are full and dye returns into the veins. Blood from each tributary enters along the vein wall and stays there — flow in a vein is laminar, fastest along the axis — so the large venules show bright stripes along both walls with a dark column down the middle. The perifoveal capillary ring outlines the foveal avascular zone best at this moment.

Bright vein walls with a dark axial stream are the hallmark of this phase. The foveal avascular zone is sharpest now: about 0.5 mm across, dark, with no vessel inside it.

5 mL of 10 % sodium fluorescein into an antecubital vein; frames are timed from the injection. The camera excites with blue light (465–490 nm) and records only the yellow-green fluorescence (520–530 nm) through a barrier filter.

A normal eye, generated: “Another eye” draws a new, equally normal fundus with its own branching and its own circulation times.