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Pulsing with every beat

Each arterial pulse moves cerebrospinal fluid through the ventricles; the brain visibly swells a fraction of a millimetre.

  • Frontal Lobe: Planning & movement
  • Motor Cortex: Issues the commands for voluntary movement
  • Somatosensory Cortex: Receives touch from the whole body, mapped in order
  • Parietal Lobe: Sensory integration
  • Temporal Lobe: Memory & hearing
  • Occipital Lobe: Vision — at the back, furthest from the eyes
  • Broca’s Area: Produces speech; damage here leaves comprehension intact. It sits in the left inferior frontal gyrus in almost everyone, whichever hand they write with
  • Wernicke’s Area: Understands speech, at the back of the left superior temporal gyrus — damage here leaves fluent, well-formed sentences that mean nothing
  • Central Sulcus: The groove that separates the motor strip in front from the sensory strip behind — the one landmark the whole cortex is oriented from
  • Lateral Sulcus: The deep cleft prising the temporal lobe away from the frontal; the middle cerebral artery runs up inside it, and the insula is buried at its floor
  • Longitudinal Fissure: The deep groove dividing left and right hemispheres, with the falx cerebri hanging down into it
  • Cerebellum: Balance & coordination, tucked under the tentorium cerebelli behind the brainstem
  • Vermis: The cerebellum's midline ridge, joining the two hemispheres; it keeps the trunk upright while the hemispheres handle the limbs
  • Pons: The brainstem's forward bulge, a bridge of fibres crossing into the cerebellum — and where the trigeminal nerve leaves
  • Brainstem: Breathing, heartbeat, consciousness — the non-negotiables
  • Pituitary Gland: Hangs from the hypothalamus into its own saddle of bone, close enough to the optic chiasm that a growing tumour takes the outer half of each visual field
Nervous System

Brain

The universe within · Encephalon
20%of the body's energy budget

The body’s command center, integrating sensation, memory, emotion, and precise movement.

Key facts

Size
Roughly two clenched fists
Weight
1.3–1.4 kg
Location
Protected within the skull
Function
Processes and coordinates signals

Did you knowIt has no pain receptors of its own — a headache is felt in the tissues around it.

Study alongside
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Microscopic view

Cerebral cortex

Compare organs

Brain vs. eye

Function animation

Processes and coordinates signals

Clinical notes

Red flags

  • A headache at maximum intensity within seconds — subarachnoid haemorrhage until the scan says otherwise.
  • Sudden one-sided weakness, facial droop, or lost speech is a stroke — and thrombolysis has a deadline.
  • Fever with neck stiffness and drowsiness or a non-blanching rash — treated as meningitis before the tests confirm it.
  • Migraine
  • Stroke
  • Neurodegenerative disease
  • Epilepsy
  • Traumatic brain injury
  • Meningitis
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Brain aneurysm
Where it works

Nervous System

A signalling network that senses the world, decides what it means, and commands a response — often in milliseconds.

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