Cystoscopy
A flexible cystoscope in a saline-filled bladder, the patient lying on his back. Start in the prostatic urethra, pass the bladder neck, then look round: find the air bubble at twelve o'clock, the trigone and the two ureteric orifices on the floor, and turn the tip right back to see the bladder neck from inside. A flexible cystoscope bends only up and down — roll the scope to look at the side walls.
Scope view
Preparing the organ…
↑ ↓ or scroll: advance and withdraw · drag or W A S D: bend the tip · Q E: turn the scope · Enter: go into the chosen orifice
Picture orientation
The picture is what the cystoscope sees, with its up mark at 12 o'clock and the scope's up toward the patient's front, as with the patient supine: the air bubble sits at the dome's anterior wall, at the top. Looking in toward the head, the patient's right is on the left of the picture.
The letters on the rim follow the scope as it turns: A anterior, P posterior, R and L the patient's right and left, S and I superior (toward the head) and inferior. An axis shows only while it lies across the picture; one running along the view fades out.
Anatomy: BodyParts3D, © DBCLS, CC BY-SA 2.1 Japan — the lumen, its centreline and its landmarks built for this trainer. The lighting, the mucosa and its patterns are drawn, not photographed. Also drawn rather than measured:
- The bladder is shown distended to about 300 ml, as for a cystoscopy: BodyParts3D's bladder (a nearly empty 76 ml shell of 115 vertices) is lifted and widened about the bladder neck — the base barely, the dome most — and smoothed.
- The prostatic urethra is a 5 mm-radius tube swept along BodyParts3D's urethral line through the prostate; the model starts 2 cm below the bladder neck and nothing distal to that is built.
- The ureteric orifices are drawn as slits on small mounds, 2.6 cm apart, placed from where BodyParts3D's ureters end in the bladder (both sides averaged so the pair is symmetric), the slit along each ureter's intramural course.
- The interureteric ridge (Mercier's bar) is a drawn fold joining the two orifices.
- The trigone is colour only: a smoother, redder triangle between the orifices and the bladder neck.
- The verumontanum and the urethral crest are drawn mounds on the posterior floor of the prostatic urethra (male anatomy).
- The air bubble is a flat bright disc at the highest point of the supine bladder (the anterior wall); its size is chosen, not measured.
- The larger vessels on the bladder wall are drawn as branching lines; their pattern is invented, not mapped.